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break的用法? break的用法及例子?

break的用法及例子
答:为了便于同学们掌握break,现将其用法归纳如下:
一、break的基本用法
(一)作动词
1.作及物动词
①打破;打碎;使折断
如:Take care not to break the cup.
小心别把茶杯打碎了.
If you pull too hard you will break the rope.
如果你太用力拉,就会把绳子拉断.
②违背;违反
如:He accused his father of having broken his word.
他指责他的父亲违背诺言.
The worker broke the rule of running this machine.
这名工人违反了操作这台机器的规则.
③减弱(力量);打破(记录);中断(某事)
如:The government is determined to break the power of the trade unions.
政府决心削弱工会的势力.
She is eager to break the Olympic 100 meters record.
她渴望打破奥运会100米记录.
2.作不及物动词
①折断;破碎
如:The thread breaks where it is weakest.
线在最脆弱的地方容易断.
The rope broke and he fell to the ground.
绳子断了,他摔到了地上.
②(天)亮;(消息)突然传出;(身体或精神)垮掉
如:As I walked home the dawn was just breaking over Paris.
我启程回家时,巴黎的天刚蒙蒙亮.
There was a public outcry when the scandal broke.
丑闻传开后引起了公愤.
He broke under questioning and confessed to everything.
他经受不住盘问,精神上垮了下来,于是供认了一切.
(二)作名词(通常为可数名词)
1.间歇;休息时间(尤指工作期间)
如:She's worked for 27 hours without a break.
她已经不间断地工作了二十七个小时.
2.机会;运气(多用于口语中)
如:Give him a break and he'll succeed.给他一个机会,他会成功的.
二、由break构成的常用搭配
1.break down (机器)坏了;(计划、谈判)失败;(谈话、通讯)中断
如:We are sorry to arrive late,but the car broke down.
很抱歉我们来晚了,但是由于车坏了.
Negotiations between the two sides have broken down.
双方的谈判已经破裂.
2.break into 破门而入;打断(谈话);(不得已)占用
如:He broke into our talk rudely.
他粗鲁地打断了我们的谈话.
His father broke into his money in order to buy a car.
为了买车,他父亲只好用了他的钱.
3.break off 突然停止;中断(谈判);断绝(关系)
如:These two countries have broken off relations again.
这两个国家又断交了.
4.break out (战争、瘟疫、火灾等)爆发
如:World War II broke out in September 1939.
第二次世界大战爆发于1939年9月.
5.break up散会、(学期)结束、驱散(集会)、(精神上)垮掉
如:When does school break up?
本学期什么时候结束?


break语句的作用是?

跳出所有循环。break是跳出整个循环,即执行完break后,整个循环都会终止,而continue语句用于跳出当前循环,然后继续进行下一轮循环,continue语句同样应用于while循环和for循环中。breakbreak语句通常用在循环语句和开关语句中,当break用于开关语句switch中时,可使程序跳出switch而执行switch以后的语句,如果没有break语句,则将成为一个死循环而无法退出。break的用法,break如果用于循环是用来终止循环,break如果用于switch中,则是用来终止switch,break不能直接用于if语句,除非是循环内的一个字句,break用在多层循环中,表示退出里他最近的一次循环。python中while语句用于重复执行循环内的代码,执行完成后再判断是否符合条件判断,若符合则继续执行循环内的代码,不符合条件则跳出循环,执行while循环后的代码。

中文英文对照

A安全开采量 safe yieldB坝下渗流 seepage beneath a dam白云石( 岩) 化 dolomitization白云岩 dolomite半承压层 semi-confining stratum半干旱地区 semiarid region半衰期 half-life包气带 zone of aeration饱和水流 saturated flow饱和指数 saturation index饱水带 zone of saturation保护带 protection zone贝叶斯理论 Bayes theorem背景浓度 background concentration比表面 specific surface area比弹性给水度 specific storage比热 specific heat闭合( 不闭合) 流域 enclosed ( non-enclosed) basin闭系统 closed system边界条件 boundary condition边缘( 际) 分布 marginal distribution变差系数 coefficient of variation变密度流 density-dependent flow变异图 variogram变质岩 metamorphic rock辫状河 braided river/stream标准差 standard deviation表面张力 surface tension滨海含水层 coastal aquifer冰川堆积,冰碛物 glacial deposit冰川融水 glacial meltwater冰心 ice core薄膜水 pellicular water补充,补给 replenishment补给地下水的河流 influent river补给井 recharge well捕获区 capture zone不规则网格 irregular mesh不混溶流 immiscible flow不可逆过程 irreversible process不可再生资源 nonrenewable resource不确定性 uncertainty不透水层 aquifuge,impervious formation不透水断层 impervious faultC采( 水) 样方法 water sampling method参数估计 parameter estimation参数识别 parameter identification残余降深 residual drawdown测量误差 measurement error测压水面 piezometric surface, potentiometric surface测压水头 piezometric head测压水位图 potentiometric map层流 laminar flow常年河 perennial stream潮汐 tide潮汐系数( 效率) tidal efficiency潮汐效应 tidal effect沉积物 sediment沉积序列 depositional sequence沉积岩 sedimentary rock沉积作用 sedimentation承压含水层 confined aquifer,pressure aquifer持水度 specific retention持续开采量 sustained yield尺度效应 scale effect冲积层( 物) alluvium冲积谷地 alluvial valley冲积裙 alluvial apron冲积扇 alluvial fan抽出处理系统 pump and treat system抽水井 pumping well抽水试验 pumping test抽 - 注水系统 injection-withdrawal system初生水 juvenile water初始条件 initial condition储水系数 storage coefficient,storativity氚 tritium氚单位 tritium unit穿透曲线 breakthrough curve传播 propagation垂向剖面 vertical cross section次生孔隙 secondary interstice/porosityD达西定律 Darcy's law达西流速 Darcian velocity大陆漂移 continental drift大陆效应 continental effect大气降水线 meteoric water line大气降水与原生水 meteoric and original formation water大气水起源 meteoric origin大气压力 atmospheric pressure, barometric pressure带宽 bandwidth单纯形法 simplex method单位降深 specific drawdown单位流量 specific discharge氮 nitrogen当量 equilibrium weight,equivalent挡土墙 retaining wall氘 deuterium氘盈余( 过剩) deuterium excess导水系数 transmissivity等势 线/面,等 水 头 线/面 equipotential line / surface等温条件 isothermal condition等温吸附 absorption isotherm等温吸附线 sorption isotherm等值线图 contour map狄里克莱边界条件 Dirichlet condition地表径流 surface runoff地表水 surface water地面沉降 land subsidence地球物理方法 geophysical method地热井 geothermal well地热能 geothermal energy地热田 geothermal field地热温标 geothermometer地热学 geothermics地温 ground temperature地温( 热) 异常 geothermal anomaly地温梯度 geothermal gradient地下河,暗河 underground river地下露头,隐伏露头 subcrop地下热水 geothermal water地下水 groundwater,subsurface water地下水补给的河流 effluent river地下水定年 age dating of groundwater地下水分水岭( 线) groundwater divide地下水管理 groundwater management地下水监测 groundwater monitoring地下水开采动态 groundwater regime under exploitation地下水盆地 groundwater basin地下水水量 groundwater quantity地下水水质 groundwater quality地下水污染 pollution of groundwater地下水系统管理 management of a ground- w ater system地下水组分 groundwater composition地形( 学) topography地震 earthquake地震强度 seismicity地质统计模型 geostatistical model地质图 geologic map蒂姆公式 Thiem equation点源 point source电测深 electrical sounding电导 electrical conductance电导率 electrical conductivity电离常数 ionization constant电阻率 resistivity调和平均 harmonic mean迭代 iteration叠加 superposition定量分析 quantitative analysis定水头边界 constant head boundary定性分析 qualitative analysis动态平衡 dynamic equilibrium堵塞 clogging断层泉 fault spring断裂,断层 fault对流 convection对流 -扩散方程 advection-diffusion equation对 流 - 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奥陶系含水层 Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer好氧生物降解 aerobic biodegradation河川径流 stream runoff河床 river bed河流堆积,冲积物 fluvial deposit( 河流) 源头 headwater核废物处置库 nuclear waste repository痕量金属 trace metal痕量元素 trace element恒温带 constant temperature zone横向弥散 transverse dispersion宏观大尺度研究 macroscopic and larger scale study宏观弥散 macrodispersion宏观水平( 尺度) macroscopic level宏观值 macroscopic value后处理程序 postprocessor湖积物 lacustrine deposit花岗岩 granite滑坡 landslide化石水 fossil water环境同位素 environmental isotope黄铁矿 pyrite黄土 loess灰色系统 grey system灰岩 limestone恢复曲线 recovery curve恢复试验 recovery test回归 regression回归水流 return flow回填土 backfill soil汇( 点) sink ( point)混凝土坝 concrete dam活动( 不活动) 结点 active ( inactive) node活度 activity活度系数 activity coefficient火成岩 igneous rock火山岩 volcanic rockJ迹线 path line基本流动方程 fundamental equation for flow基流 base flow基台( 值) sill基岩 bedrock基准 benchmark基准面 datum level吉本 - 赫兹伯格公式 Ghyben-Herzberg relation极坐标 polar coordinate集中参数模型 lumped parameter model几何平均 geometric mean季风 monsoon季节变化 seasonal variation季节效应 seasonal effect迦辽金法 Galerkin method间歇喷泉 geyser间歇性河流 intermittent stream碱度 alkalinity降落漏斗 cone of depression,drawdown cone降深曲线 drawdown curve降水( 量) precipitation降雨 rainfall阶梯( 分级) 降深试验 step-drawdown test接触泉 contact spring接受概率 acceptance probability节理 joint结晶岩 crystalline rock截断误差 truncation error解析法 analytical method/approach解析解 analytical solution解译,解释 interpretation界面张力 interfacial tension井的单位涌水量 specific well discharge井的涌水量 discharge of well井函数 well function井水力学 well hydraulics井损 well loss井位 well location静水压力 hydrostatic pressure局域( 部) 流动系统 local flow system决策变量 decision variable均质 homogeneityK开采方案 pumping scheme开采井 extraction well柯西( 混合) 边界条件 Cauchy boundary condition可持续性 sustainability可 溶 性 总 固 体, 总 溶 解 固 体 total dissolved solids可溶盐 soluble salt可湿性 wettability可行解 feasible solution可再生资源 renewable resource克里格法 Kriging method孔( 空) 隙比 void ratio孔隙度 porosity控制方程 governing equation块金效应 nugget effect矿泉 mineral spring亏水河,补给潜水河 losing stream扩散 diffusionL垃圾填埋场 landfill拉格朗日法 Lagrangian approach拉普拉斯方程 Laplace equation雷诺数 Reynold's number累积频率函数 cumulative frequency function离子 ion离子活度积 ion activity product离子交换作用 ion exchange离子强度 ionic strength历时曲线 duration curve历史匹配 history matching粒子跟踪 particle tracking连续性方程 continuity equation裂谷 rift裂隙 fissure,fracture裂隙泉 fracture spring临界深度 critical depth临界压力 threshold pressure零通量边界 no-flux boundary流场绘制 hydraulic head field mapping流动方程 flow equation流函数 stream function流量边界 flux boundary流量计 current meter,flowmeter流失河,失水河 lost river流网 flow net流线 flow line,streamline流域 watershed硫 -34 sulfur -34硫酸盐,硫酸根 sulfate隆升( 起) uplift露点 dew point露头 exposure,outcrop卤水 brine滤水管,筛管 screen滤水管直径 screen diameter铝硅酸盐 aluminum silicate氯 -36 chlorine -36氯化物,氯离子 chloride轮廓 lineament落水洞 sinkhole,ponorM盲谷 blind valley毛细水 capillary water毛细水带 capillary zone/fringe毛细现象 capillarity玫瑰花图 rose diagram美 国 环 境 保 护 局 United States Environmental Protection Agency镁 magnesium蒙特卡罗法 Monte-Carlo method蒙脱石 - 伊利石转化 montmorillonite-illite transformation弥散 dispersion弥散系数 dispersion coefficient敏感 性 分 析,灵 敏 度 分 析 sensitivity analysis模型参数 model parameter模型识别 model identification目标函数 objective functionN内插法 interpolation内流( 陆) 盆地 endorheic basin内流区 blind drainage area 内摩擦角 angle of internal friction钠 sodium钠吸附比 sodium-adsorption ratio泥石流 debris flow拟合 fit拟合,匹配 match逆冲断层 thrust fault逆问题 inverse problem黏结性土壤 cohesive soil粘土 clay粘性土 clay soil纽曼( 流量) 边界 Neuman condition浓度梯度 concentration gradient浓缩 condensationO欧拉法 Eularian approachP排水 drainage排水,疏干 dewater排泄 discharge排泄区 discharge area派珀图 Piper diagram配线法 curve-matching procedure偏态系数 coefficient of skewness偏微分方程 partial differential equation平衡常数 equilibrium constant平均滞留时间 mean residence time平稳 stationarity坡面漫流 overland flow剖分,离散 discretization剖面 profile普通克里格 ordinary KrigingQ期望值 expected value气压 air pressure气压效应 effect of barometric pressure前处理程序 preprocessor潜水补给河,盈水河 gaining stream潜水含水层 phreatic aquifer,water table aquifer,unconfined aquifer潜水面 phreatic surface,water table浅 层 地 温 ( 热) 能 shallow geothermal energy浅井 shallow dug well侵蚀 erosion氢 hydrogen裘布依假设 Dupuit assumption/hypothesis区域 地 下 水 流 动 regional groundwater flow去丛 declustering权函数 weighted function泉 spring泉华 sinter泉流量 spring discharge全球 性 海 平 面 变 化 eustatic sea-level change确定性模型 deterministic modelR热泵 heat pump热储( 层) geothermal reservoir热导率 heat conductivity,thermal conductivity热交换 heat exchange热力学第一定律 first law of thermodynamics热流 heat flow热容 heat capacity热污染 thermal contamination人工补给 artificial recharge容水率 water capacity容许公差 error tolerance溶度积 solubility product溶剂 solvent溶解氧 dissolved oxygen溶解与沉淀 dissolution and precipitation溶蚀洞穴 solution cavern溶蚀通道 solution channel溶质 solute溶质运移方程 mass transport equation入渗 infiltration瑞利分馏 Rayleigh distillation瑞利效应 Rayleigh effect弱透水层 aquitard,semipervious layerS三维流 three-dimensional flow三线图 trilinear diagram散点图 scatterplot沙丘 dune砂岩 sandstone山前地带 piedmont山区 mountainous terrain熵 entropy上层滞水含水层 perched aquifer深层沉积水 deep sedimentary water渗流 percolation渗流带 vadose zone渗流水 vadose water渗流速度 seepage velocity渗透率 permeability渗透率张量 permeability tensor渗透系数 coefficient of permeability升锥 upconing生 物 降 解 biodegradation, biological degradation生物修复 bioremediation湿地 wetland湿度 humidity湿润 wetting石膏 gypsum石林 stone forest石笋 stalagmite石英 quartz石钟乳 stalactite时间步长 time step时间滞后 time lag实例研究 case study示踪剂 tracer示踪试验 tracer test试算法,逐次逼近法 trial and error procedure收敛标准 closure criterion术语 terminology竖井 shaft数据融合 data assimilation数学模型 mathematical model数值法 numerical method数值解 numerical solution数值弥散 numerical dispersion数值模拟 numerical simulation数字高程模型 digital elevation model衰减方程 decay equation衰减常数 decay constant衰减曲线 recession curve水动力弥散 hydraulic dispersion水动力学 hydrodynamics水化学 aqueous chemistry水均衡 water balance/budget水库 reservoir水力传导系数 hydraulic conductivity水 力 联 系 hydraulic contact,hydraulic connection水力梯度 hydraulic gradient水头 hydraulic head水头损失 head loss水土势,土水势 soil moisture potential水位 water level水位波动 water-level fluctuation水文地层单元 hydrostratigraphic unit水文过程线 hydrograph水文图 hydrologic map水文循环 hydrologic cycle水污染 water pollution水 - 岩作用 water-rock interactionx水源 source of water水质模型 water quality model水资源 water resources水资源开发与管理 exploitation and man- agement of w ater resources死端孔隙 dead-end pore死碳 dead carbon松弛 relaxation酸 acid酸度 acidity酸性矿坑排水 acid mine drainage酸雨 acid rain算术平均 arithmetic mean随机变量 random variable随机过程 random process随机行走法 random walk method碎屑沉积岩含水层 clastic sedimentary rock aquifer碎屑岩 clastic rockT塌陷 collapse塔状岩溶 tower karst泰斯公式 Theis equation探地雷达 ground penetrating radar碳 -14 carbon -14碳 -14 测年 carbon -14 dating碳固定 carbon fixation碳酸钙 calcium carbonate碳酸盐岩 carbonate rock碳循环 carbon cycle套管 casing体积密度 bulk density田间持水量 field capacity条件( 非条件) 模拟 conditional ( uncondi- tional) simulation条件分布 conditional distribution条形图 bar chart停滞区 stagnation zone通用水头边界 general head boundary同生水 connate water同位素 isotope同位素分馏因子 isotope separation factor同位素交换 isotope exchange透镜体 lens透水边界 permeable boundary透水层 pervious strata突变界面 sharp interface土壤固结 consolidation of soil土壤湿度 soil moisture脱水 anhydrationW洼地,坳陷 depression完整井 fully penetrating well网格 mesh微观 ( 小) 尺 度 研 究 microscopic scale study微观水平( 尺度) microscopic level微咸水 brackish water纬度效应 latitude effect位置水头 elevation head温度效应 temperature effect温泉 thermal spring温泉,热泉 hot spring温室效应 greenhouse effect紊流 turbulent flow稳定流 steady flow稳定同位素 stable isotope污染 物 运 移 模 拟 contaminant transport modeling污染羽 contaminant plume污 染 源 contamination source,pollution source,source of pollution污水处理系统 sewage disposal system无量纲变量 dimensionless variableX吸附力 adhesive force吸收,吸附 adsorption下垫面 underlying surface下降泉,洼地泉 depression spring下渗能力 infiltration capability先验估计 prior estimate咸淡水界面 fresh water-salt water interface咸水界面 saline-water interface咸水入侵 saline-water encroachment显式法 explicit method线汇/源 line sink/source线性插值 linear interpolation线性规划 linear programming线性回归 linear regression相关长度 correlation length消耗 depletion硝酸盐 nitrate校正模型 calibrated model校准,校正 calibration协方差 covariance虚拟井( 映像井) image well蓄热 heat storageY压力水头 pressure head压缩系数 coefficient of compressibility压缩性 compressibility岩浆水 magmatic water岩溶 karst岩溶含水层 karst aquifer岩溶化 karstification岩溶塌陷 karst collapse盐丘 salt dome盐水楔 saline wedge盐渍土 saline soil厌氧生物降解 anaerobic biodegradation堰 weir阳离子交换 cation exchange氧 -18 oxygen -18氧化还原反应 oxidation-reduction reaction遥感 remote sensing页岩 shale一阶不可逆反应 first order irreversible reaction一维固结 one-dimensional consolidation一维流 one-dimensional flow阴阳离子平衡 cation-anion balance饮用水标准 drinking water standard隐伏岩溶 buried karst隐式法 implicit method应力期 stress period影响半径 influence radius,radius of influ- ence映( 镜) 像法,反映法 method of image硬度 hardness硬石膏 anhydrite永冻层 permafrost优先流路径 preferential flow path有机物 organic compound有限差分法 finite difference method有限单元法 finite element method有限资源 limited resource有效孔隙度 effective porosity有效应力 effective stress诱发( 导) 补给,激发补给 induced recharge预报问题 forecasting problem预测 prediction原生孔隙 primary porosity原位 in situ源( 点) source ( point)源汇项 source/sink term约束( 条件) constraint越流 leakage越流层 leakage formation越流承压含水层 leakage confined aquifer越流潜水含水层 leakage phreatic aquifer越流系数 coefficient of leakage,leakance越流因子 leakage factor允许降深 permissible drawdownZ再生水 regenerated water张力 tension张量 tensor蒸发 evaporation蒸发岩( 盐) evaporite蒸发蒸腾 evapotranspiration正定 positive definiteness正演问题 forward problem质量守恒定律 law of conservation of mass质谱仪 mass spectrometer滞( 停) 留时间 residence time滞后 lag滞后现象 hysteresis滞后因子 retardation factor置信区间 confidence interval置信限 confidence limit中位数 median重力坝 gravity dam重力排水 gravity drainage重力水 gravitational water重碳酸根 bicarbonate重碳酸钠型水 sodium bicarbonate water昼夜变化 diurnal change注水井 injection well柱实验 column experiment柱状图 histogram状态变量 state variable自流含水层 artesian aquifer自流井 artesian well自然边界条件 natural boundary condition自然衰减 natural-attenuation自相关函数 autocorrelation function自由面 free-surface终端湖 terminal lake总硬度 total hardness纵向弥散 longitudinal dispersion钻孔 boring钻孔地球化学探头 borehole geochemical probe钻孔地球物理 borehole geophysics钻孔岩性记录 well log最大连续性方向 direction of maximum continuity最 大 容 许 浓 度 maximum permissible concentration最小值 minimum最优化问题 optimization problem最优解 optimal solution最优开采量 optimal yield最优线性无偏估计 best linear unbiased estimate坐标系 coordinate system坐标旋转 rotation of coordinateBr / Cl 比 bromide / chloride ratioCa / Mg 比 Ca / Mg ratioSchoeller 图 Schoeller diagramStiff 图 Stiff diagram

宝迪声bq-250怎么调音

O ratio in determining the porosity log spectrum of applications



3 shows, in 0 ~ 5o% ~ L porosity range of applications, the near-and far away from the inelastic count source and porosity than the approximately linear relationship. Figure 3 near and far away from the inelastic spectrum of the source rate than the total number of larvae L and 4 to determine the relationship between the porosity of the larvae L porosity curves from the above studies indicate that, near and far detectors capture spectrum totals rather than the calculated porosity Compensated Neutron Log in the porosity measurements, near and far detector inelastic spectrum than the calculated total number of litho-density log porosity is equivalent to measuring the porosity, the porosity of these calculations on behalf of the total porosity formation. Since the majority of well logging data only sonic curve,ed hardy paris, so the use of sonic information obtained by the use of acoustic formation factor equation formation total porosity, as the curve of the standard by which the total porosity of the formation. Curve can be determined by comparing more than two-source energy spectrum from the carbon-oxygen logging information used to explain the formation total porosity of the curve. First, dual-source spectrum from the carbon-oxygen logging than the near and far capture count ~ L (NFCC) and the near, far from playing count ratio (NFII) curve and calculation of total porosity wave curve for comparison. In order to obtain more reliable results, select the five wells of dual-source spectrum from the carbon-oxygen ratio compares well logs. Comparison of the curve shown in Figure 4. , T. ●-r hydrazine: II port i avoid II - IM [, IIP ■ k ■. ■ BU feet f ■ t. _I Vehicles j ●-lI ¨ H} a ... a summer of Artemisia Lamsam 4 North × Jingzi L curves indicate porosity comparison chart of foreign logging technology by 2009 three well selected dual-source spectrum from the carbon-oxygen ratio logs and porosity curves (PORT) contrast, the results obtained with the NFCC porosity curve is similar to the curve of the best, NFII porosity curve and the similarity of the curve better. 5 to determine the total porosity, effective porosity for the establishment of NFCC, NFII total porosity and formation relationship, 5 wells were made with the formation of these two curves the total porosity of the intersection shown in Figure 5. From the intersection graph shows, NFCC total porosity and formation of a linear relationship exists between the best and NFII total porosity and formation relationship better. Figure 5 North X well NFCC,abercrombie france, NFII total porosity of the intersection with the diagram under the NFCC,abercrombie paris, NFII total porosity and formation of a linear relationship between the demand and neutron porosity logging method, established using double spacing O ratio spectral logging of NFCC, NFII curve to determine the total porosity of the formation method. Such as: the use of near and far detectors capture the total number of spectral ratio curves (NFCC) to determine the total porosity formation: NF ℃ C-NF ℃ C (16) where, NFCCma, NFCC one were the rock matrix and pore fluid near Far detector capture the ratio of total counts spectrum in which the rock matrix and pore fluid parameters can be used to NFCC and t linear regression. Similar to the neutron porosity logging method to be effective, the establishment of the use of dual-source spectrum from the carbon-oxygen logging than the NFCC, NFII ratio curve to determine the effective porosity of the formation method. Such as: the use of near and far detectors capture the total number of spectral ratio curves (NFCC) to determine the formation effective porosity: = NFCC a NFCCC (v) I. Turned eleven M1Cl where, NFCC a mudstone near and far detectors capture total number of spectral ratio. 6 According to the practical application of research and conclusions from the carbon-oxygen double source of information than the spectrum to determine the porosity logging method, the preparation of the application SDK language version Forward to explain well the software dealing with North X 52 layers, and core analysis of the porosity a comparison, the porosity and the average absolute error of 2.2%, 2.5% accuracy to meet the interpretation of technical requirements, both in good agreement, and the following conclusions: (1) porosity of 10% 40% H ~, near and far detectors capture spectral ratio and the total linear relationship between porosity, near and far detector inelastic spectrum compared with the total number of larvae L is a linear relationship between porosity. (2) by comparing the curve, draw near and far detector spectrum of total capture ratio, inelastic and capture spectra of total number of curves and porosity than the similarity of the curve well, which can be established with the formation of these curves indicate the total pore between effective porosity and degree of linear relationship,franklin marshall femme, and in practical applications to get good results. References: ... 1 Zhu Dazhi, Luan Shiwen, Chengzong Hua, Yan Guo-cai, O ratio spectrum log [M], Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press, 1984 [2] Zhao Yanchao, Ma is, Yao Guangqing, carbon and oxygen than the logging - a kinds of potential source rocks evaluation tool U], logging technology, 1994,18 (4): 240 ~ 247 [3] Meng Shun, FENG Qing Fu, Ben Liang, Zhang Shaoliang, O ratio spectrum log detailed interpretation and application method [I], Northwest Geology, 2005,38 (2): 102 - 107
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Using underground gravity meter to determine the residual oil saturation


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碳酸盐岩缝洞型油气勘探开发配套技术是一项系统工程,贯穿于地震资料采集、处理、解释和室内模型等多个环节,需要地震资料与测井、钻井、岩心、构造演化、生产动态等因素综合分析,包括有利岩相及古地貌分析技术、全三维构造、断裂精细解释及三维显示技术、缝洞型储层模型物理模拟技术、碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层识别技术、烃类检测技术、储层酸化压裂技术、水平井开发、水平井分段酸压改造技术及注水替油技术等。一、岩相古地貌技术有利岩相及古地貌分析技术是指利用层序地层学、储层地质学、构造地质学和沉积地质学等地学理论为指导,以计算机为工具,采用层序划分、地层对比、单井相分析、沉积相纵横向分布特征研究、储层宏观特征研究(如岩心观察)、储层微观特征分析(如薄片观察、地球化学分析等)、储层物性统计等手段,开展层序地层划分与对比、储集体类型及成因机制、沉积相、古地貌及古水系分析等明确优质碳酸盐岩储集体发育的地质成因条件,建立不同样式储层体成因模式。二、地震预测技术借助全三维地震数据体,对振幅、频率等属性特征进行分析,可对三维地震数据体采用由点-线-面逐级放大的方法,实现三维空间立体可视化精细解释。采用的技术手段有精细层位标定、相干及倾角分析技术、三维解释及立体显示技术等。三维地震联片处理技术,为储层预测提供了较高精度的基础数据,最终实现了统一网格、统一静校正、统一地震记录(极性、时差、振幅、频率、波形)、统一速度模型、统一叠加和偏移的联片处理;通过联片精细成像处理,地震资料的品质得到了改善,并对主要目的层风化面进行精细刻画,使原三维地震资料拼接处的构造得到了落实,资料的分辨率、信噪比、保真度得到了有效提高,为后续的地震资料解释、储集层预测、地震反演、整体评价提供了可靠的基础资料。三、物理模拟技术1977年,美国休斯敦大学地震声学实验室创建了水槽地震物理模型。国内南京石油物探研究所及同济大学在1985年前后建立了大型水槽自动物理模拟观测系统。但是,水槽地震物理模拟也存在着缺陷,它无法正确模拟陆上地震勘探过程,只能记录纵波,不能记录横波和转换横波。为了克服上述缺点,20世纪80年代,美国哥伦比亚大学、埃克森石油公司、休斯敦大学和中国石油大学先后研制了固体地球物理模型。针对碳酸盐岩缝洞储层的物理模拟技术研究,已经开始起步,但缺少系统性研究。数值模拟技术,随着算法的改进和计算机技术的发展,已经从声波射线模拟发展为波动方程模拟,模拟精度和速度得到明显提高。四、储层雕刻技术碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层的识别可以从地震属性特征、钻井、录井、测井、岩心和薄片观察几个方面联合进行。钻井前缝洞型储层识别主要依靠地震,利用储层精细标定和模型正演技术,明确储集体的地球物理响应特征,开展储集体地震属性敏感性分析,确定有效地震属性,并由此提取相应地震属性,最后在地质成因分析及储集体地质模式控制下,分别开展岩溶孔洞及裂缝的识别。多属性综合分析技术是指沿层对一定时窗范围内的数据体提取不同的属性,得到该属性的平面分布图或立体图,并进行综合地质分析。多属性交会分析认为相干检测、分频振幅和波阻抗是基本适合碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层预测的敏感属性。属性提取技术可细分为均方根振幅、振幅变化率、分频、沿层相干、波阻抗和灰岩顶面地震相等,其关键是确定合理的时窗和精细的解释层位。地震属性提取是一项较成熟的常用技术。但溶洞定量描述和流体识别仍然十分困难。近年来,缝洞型储层定量雕刻技术已取得重要进展,如塔里木油田基于井控高保真叠前时间偏移处理,使储层特征更加明显,尤其是道集资料信息,为储层量化描述和叠前油气检测奠定了坚实的资料基础;通过高精度叠前深度偏移处理,有效地解决了“串珠”归位不合理的问题,为缝洞体位置的准确识别提供了有力的支撑;在井震结合建模的基础上,建立了地震响应特征与缝洞体发育状况的量化关系,初步实现了缝洞单元储集空间的定量计算;缝洞体三维立体雕刻与量化描述在井位研究中发挥了重要作用,近两年储层钻遇率达到98%以上(图6-14)。图6-14 塔中中古11井缝洞雕刻图五、烃类检测技术碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层烃类检测技术是个难点,同时也是研究的热点。目前有叠前AVO道集、频率吸收等技术。在频率吸收技术中,高产井烃类指示响应特征为主频降低、高频衰减快、低频能量增强;泥质充填干井响应特征为较高能量、高频、低吸收;断裂发育具有低能量、低频、高吸收特征。叠前AVO道集是利用振幅随偏移距(入射角)的变化来判断溶洞中的流体类型,总体表现为油井振幅随偏移距增大而增加,水井振幅随偏移距增大而减小。六、储层酸化压裂技术碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层非均质性强,基质渗透率低,无储集能力,油气渗流通道主要为裂缝,油井完井后大多无产能,只有通过酸压改造措施,形成一定长度、高导流能力的酸蚀裂缝,沟通油气渗流通道和储油空间,才能保证正常投产和较长时间高产稳产。事实证明,酸压改造储层的技术解放了地层能量,大幅度提高了油气井产能,使油田开发的经济效益显著提高,已成为碳酸盐岩缝洞型油气藏开发中必不可少的关键技术之一。七、水平井开发技术在碳酸盐岩溶洞发育密集的地区,为了多钻遇几个缝洞单元,提高单井产量,常采用水平钻井工艺,水平井的方向一般垂直于裂缝走向,这样钻井穿过缝、洞发育段的可能性大大提高,对缝洞型储层开发效果好。水平井钻井和开发中常遇见以下问题:①水平井水平段在钻遇大型洞穴储集体发生放空、漏失时,无法建立泥浆循环,导致无法按原设计继续钻进其他溶洞,多数情况下只能直接投产;②水平井在水平段穿过的几个缝洞单元,只要一个缝洞单元出水,就有可能造成水淹,其余缝洞单元的储量也将无法有效动用。因此,在储层预测、流体识别和缝洞系统定量描述无法满足水平井设计要求时,不易大规模实施水平井开发,井位部署时仍应首先采用直井+侧钻的布井思路和做法(吕媛娥,2006)。八、水平井改造技术水平井分段改造技术是目前国际上提高产量的重要技术。通俗讲就是采用专业工具,将水平井段分成若干相对独立的系统后,有选择性地进行酸化改造。如塔里木油田水平井酸化压裂改造始于2005年,2008年首次在塔中62-7H井实施,获得日产油220m3,天然气20×104m3的高产。该技术与较笼统酸压技术相比具有诸多明显优势,可形成相对独立的人工裂缝系统,更好地利用物性差异层段,充分挖掘水平井产能,最大限度地提高单井产量。实践证实实施水平井分段改造后,平均产能与同区块直井相比,提高了3.8倍,而与水平井笼统酸压相比,也提高了近一倍。经过多年探索,采用水平井开发逐渐成为塔中地区在碳酸盐岩中建立高产井、培养高产井组和高产区块的重要模式,水平井分段酸压改造技术则成为进一步提高开发效率、延长单井寿命的重要依据。九、注水替油技术碳酸盐岩缝洞型油气藏投入开发后自然产量递减快,弹性采收率低,如塔河油田以定容性溶洞为储层的单井年产量递减达30%~90%(涂兴万,2008),注水替油是提高采收率的一种重要手段。以碳酸盐岩缝洞型为储层的油井,在进行注水替油生产前,要尽可能地利用天然能量开采,在后期地层压力难以维持正常机抽生产时,才能进行注水替油,定容性油洞为优选对象。碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏单井注水替油的机理是:通过注入水补充地层能量,恢复地层压力;利用重力分异的原理,在焖井过程中,油水不断置换,产生次生底水以抬升油水界面;使注入水进入油井周围比较小的裂缝中,置换出其中难以采出的剩余油。油井以“注水—焖井—采油”为一个周期进行注采循环,经过多轮次的注水替油,可逐步提高原油采收率(荣元帅,2008)。